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水上场馆常见问题解答
全剂量接种疫苗人群建议
COVID-19主页
备孕人士接种COVID-19疫苗
- 建议正在备孕的人或未来可能怀孕的人及其伴侣进行COVID-19免疫接种。
- 正在备孕的人或者未来可能怀孕的人应按时接种完COVID-19疫苗,包括按时接种COVID-19加强针。
- 当前没有证据表明任何疫苗(包括COVID-19疫苗)会导致女性或男性生育问题(包括受孕问题)。
- COVID-19会加重孕妇的病情。此外,如果在怀孕期间感染COVID-19,则出现并发症的风险会更大,这些并发症会影响怀孕和发育中的胎儿。
CDC和医疗专业人员建议备孕人士接种COVID-19疫苗
建议正在备孕的人或未来可能怀孕的人及其伴侣进行COVID-19免疫接种。
为育龄人群(包括青少年)服务的专业医疗组织external icon强调没有证据表明COVID-19免疫接种会导致生育问题。1-5这些组织还建议可能考虑以后怀孕的人应接种COVID-19疫苗。
免疫接种后怀孕
许多人在接种COVID-19疫苗后怀孕,包括一些在COVID-19疫苗临床试验期间接种疫苗的人。6-8 此外,最近的一份报告external icon使用v-safe COVID-19疫苗妊娠安全监测系统数据显示,4,800人在接种第一剂mRNA COVID-19疫苗后妊娠试验呈阳性。另一份报告external icon使用来自八个美国医疗保健系统的数据,记录了超过1,000人在怀孕前已完成 COVID-19免疫接种(使用任何COVID-19疫苗)。
越来越多的证据表明,COVID-19免疫接种在怀孕期间是安全有效的。
了解更多:怀孕或哺乳期间的COVID-19疫苗
没有证据表明COVID-19疫苗会影响生育能力
目前没有证据表明COVID-19疫苗成分或免疫接种后产生的抗体会对现在或将来怀孕造成任何问题。
- 最近的研究发现,因接种COVID-19疫苗或最近感染COVID-19而具有抗体的妇女与没有抗体的妇女(包括接受辅助生殖技术手术的患者)的怀孕成功率没有差异。11-13
- 一项对2,000多名年龄为21至45岁的女性及其伴侣的研究external icon发现,任何一方接种COVID-19疫苗都不会影响怀孕的可能性。14
与所有疫苗一样,科学家们正在仔细研究COVID-19疫苗,并将继续报告研究结果。
COVID-19疫苗对月经周期产生有限的暂时性影响
最近有研究结果external icon 15,16 表明,有月经的人在COVID-19免疫接种后可能会发现月经有微小的暂时性变化,包括:
- 月经期持续时间延长
- 月经周期的间隔缩短
- 出血比平时多
尽管月经有这些暂时的变化,但没有证据表明COVID-19会导致生育问题。
健康男性生育能力的研究
- 目前,没有证据表明任何疫苗(包括COVID-19疫苗)会导致男性生育问题。最近对45名健康男性external icon进行了小型研究,观察他们在接种mRNA COVID-19疫苗前后的精子特征,例如数量和运动。研究人员发现免疫接种后这些精子特征没有显著变化。17
- 但是,一项研究external icon发现,COVID-19感染可能与男性在感染后长达60天的生育能力下降有关。14
- 任何疾病引起的发烧都与健康男性精子的短期减少有关external icon。18 虽然发烧可能是COVID-19免疫接种的副作用,但目前没有证据表明COVID免疫接种后发烧会影响精子的产生。发烧也是COVID-19感染的常见症状。
安全性监测
COVID-19疫苗正在接受美国历史上最严格的安全监测。越来越多的数据表明,COVID-19疫苗在怀孕前和怀孕期间使用安全有效。
了解有关在怀孕或哺乳期间接种COVID-19疫苗的更多信息。
应对副作用
如果在COVID-19免疫接种后出现副作用,请向医疗服务提供者咨询,了解有关服用布洛芬、对乙酰氨基酚或抗组胺药等非处方药来缓解任何疼痛或感觉不适(包括发烧)的信息。如果没有任何医学原因阻止服用这些药物,则可服用这些药物来缓解接种后的短期副作用。
无论出于何种原因,发烧都可能导致不良妊娠结果。怀孕期间的发烧可以根据需要适度使用对乙酰氨基酚进行治疗,并咨询医疗服务提供者。不建议在免疫接种前服用这些药物以试图防止副作用。了解其他减轻副作用的方法。
建议
CDC建议正在备孕的人或者未来可能怀孕的人及其伴侣按时接种完COVID-19疫苗,包括按时接种COVID-19加强针。辉瑞-生物科技或莫德纳(mRNA COVID-19疫苗)优于强生杨森COVID-19疫苗。但是,某些情况下也可以考虑J&J/Janssen COVID-19疫苗。
了解有关接种COVID-19疫苗的更多信息。
参考资料
- American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) Issue Joint Statement: Medical Experts Continue to Assert that COVID Vaccines Do Not Impact Fertility. February 5, 2021. Available at: https://www.asrm.org/news-and-publications/news-and-research/press-releases-and-bulletins/asrm-smfm-acog-issue-joint-statement-medical-experts-continue-to-assert-that-covid-vaccines-do-not-impact-fertility/external icon.
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). About the COVID-19 Vaccine: Frequently Asked Questions. Available at: https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/covid-19-vaccine-for-children/about-the-covid-19-vaccine-frequently-asked-questions/external icon.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). COVID-19 Vaccination Considerations for Obstetric–Gynecologic Care. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2020/12/covid-19-vaccination-considerations-for-obstetric-gynecologic-careexternal icon.
- American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) Patient Management and Clinical Recommendations During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: UPDATE No. 16 – Reproductive Facts Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination. Available at: https://www.asrm.org/covid-update-16external icon.
- Joint Statement Regarding COVID-19 Vaccine in Men Desiring Fertility. Society for Male Reproduction and Urology (SMRU) and Society for the Study of Male Reproduction (SSMR). January 9, 2021. Available at https://www.asrm.org/news-and-publications/covid-19/statements/joint-statement-regarding-covid-19-vaccine-in-men-desiring-fertility-from-the-society-for-male-reproduction-and-urology-smru-and-the-society-for-the-study-of-male-reproduction-ssmr/external icon.
- Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting. FDA Briefing Document. Janssen Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine for the Prevention of COVID-19. February 26, 2021. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/146217/downloadexternal icon.
- Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting. FDA Briefing Document. Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine. December 10, 2020. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/144245/downloadexternal icon.
- Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting. FDA Briefing Document. Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine. December 17, 2020. Available at: Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee December 17, 2020 Meeting Briefing Document – FDAexternal icon.
- Shimabukuro TT, Kim SY, Myers TR, et al. Preliminary Findings of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2021 Oct 14;385(16):1536]. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(24):2273-2282. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2104983
- Razzaghi H, Meghani M, Pingali C, et al. COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Among Pregnant Women During Pregnancy — Eight Integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 14, 2020–May 8, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:895–899. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7024e2external icon.
- Aharon D, Lederman M, Ghofranian A, et al. In Vitro Fertilization and Early Pregnancy Outcomes After Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination [published online ahead of print, 2022 Jan 25]. Obstet Gynecol. 2022;10.1097/AOG.0000000000004713. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004713
- Morris RS. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein seropositivity from vaccination or infection does not cause sterility. F S Rep. 2021;2(3):253-255. doi:10.1016/j.xfre.2021.05.010
- Orvieto R, Noach-Hirsh M, Segev-Zahav A, Haas J, Nahum R, Aizer A. Does mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine influence patients’ performance during IVF-ET cycle?. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2021;19(1):69. Published 2021 May 13. doi:10.1186/s12958-021-00757-6
- Wesselink AK, Hatch EE, Rothman KJ, et al. A prospective cohort study of COVID-19 vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and fertility [published online ahead of print, 2022 Jan 20]. Am J Epidemiol. 2022;kwac011. doi:10.1093/aje/kwac011
- Edelman A, Boniface ER, Benhar E, et al. Association Between Menstrual Cycle Length and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination: A U.S. Cohort [published online ahead of print, 2022 Jan 5]. Obstet Gynecol. 2022;10.1097/AOG.0000000000004695. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004695
- Trogstad, L. Increased Occurrence of Menstrual Disturbances in 18- to 30-Year-Old Women after COVID-19 Vaccination (January 1, 2022). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3998180external iconor http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3998180external icon
- Gonzalez DC, Nassau DE, Khodamoradi K, et al. Sperm Parameters Before and After COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination. JAMA. 2021;326(3):273-274. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.997
- Carlsen E, Andersson AM, Petersen JH, Skakkebaek NE. History of febrile illness and variation in semen quality. Hum Reprod. 2003;18(10):2089-2092. doi:10.1093/humrep/deg412